Power assist using ambient heat

ABSTRACT

An energy boost circuit adapted to provide power to a load is described. The circuit includes a pair of thermoelectric generators (TEGs) for converting thermal energy from a heat source into electrical energy; a pair of capacitor banks arranged in parallel, each coupled to one of the TEGs for storing the electrical energy generated by the TEG; a power converter; a first switching element coupled between a first capacitor bank in the pair of capacitor banks and the power converter; a second switching element coupled between a second capacitor bank in the pair of capacitor banks and the power converter; and a monitor/controller coupled to the first and second switching elements and adapted to selectively switch the switching elements in order to provide a power boost to the load, where the monitor/controller automatically switches the switching elements based at least partly on charge levels measured at the capacitor banks.

This application is a continuation-in-part of prior U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/262,616, filed on Oct. 31, 2005.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention generally relates to power systems and means for providing power to various electronic systems or devices. More particularly, the invention relates to an energy source, such as a battery, fuel cell, generator, and/or hybrid power supply, and a system and circuit for providing power to an electronic system or device which extends the operational life of the energy source, thereby allowing the energy source to provide power to the electronic system or device for an extended period of time.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Electronic systems, devices and applications are continually developing. From cellular phones, portable computers, and compact fuel-cell based generators, to electrical vehicles, the list of electronic systems, devices and applications seems endless. As the number of systems and devices continues to increase, and the applications in which they are used continue to grow, the demand for efficient energy/power supplies that are able to power these systems and devices over extended periods of time has also increased. More specifically, as high performance electronic systems and devices with high power consumption are introduced rapidly to the market place and/or as natural resource scarcity gradually intensifies and the cost of energy consequently increases, the ability to efficiently provide and utilize power is ever increasing.

FIG. 1 illustrates a conventional drive system 113 for providing power to drive a load. The load may be any type of known electronic system or device such as a graphics display, a microprocessor, a memory, a conventional laptop computer or an electric motor. The drive system includes an energy or power source 109 (such as a battery, a fuel cell, a solar cell, etc.) for driving the load 112. The system further includes a regulator/converter 108, and may further include current control elements 110 and 115, which may also be omitted. Here it is noted that 108 may be a regulator and/or a converter, and each may be used interchangeably as they are equivalent in the context of this document. A regulator maintains its output constant within a specified range regardless of changes to its output loading condition, shifts in environment condition (such as temperature, humidity, etc.), or/and variations in its input level. A converter is a known electrical element that takes an input parameter, such as a voltage and produces a prescribed output parameter(s), such as a desired voltage at the output. For example, in a case where the desired conversion is from a low input voltage to a higher output voltage, a step up (boost) voltage converter can be used to achieve the desired output voltage. Alternatively, in the case where the desired conversion is from a high input voltage to a lower output voltage, a step down (buck) voltage converter can be used to achieve the desired output voltage.

Current control elements 110 and 115 are optional elements and are preferably set to control the amount of current provided to the load 112. Examples of elements that can be used as a current control element are a diode, field-effect transistors (MOS FET, JFET, etc.), a bipolar transistor, an insulated gate bipolar transistor, a silicon controlled rectifier, and/or a relay switch. One or more of these elements can be connected in series and/or parallel to act as a current control element and placed in any electrical path(s) within the system.

One problem with this system is that as the load increases in complexity and functionality, the amount of power required for driving the load increases. While conventional power/energy supplies, such as disposable and/or rechargeable batteries are always improving in order to extend the length of the battery life, recent advances in high capacity batteries has not resulted in considerably longer battery life because the increase in power consumption of these electronic systems and devices more than offsets the improvement in battery life.

U.S. Pat. No. 6,570,632 issued to Estes, et al. (hereinafter referred to as “the Estes Patent”) proposes one solution for extending the life of a rechargeable battery used to charge/power a portable system--such as a cellular phone. The Estes Patent teaches using heat generated by at least one electrical component which is resident on a printed circuit board (PCB) within the system, and converting this heat into electrical energy. The Estes Patent further teaches using this electrical energy to directly recharge the main power source--a rechargeable battery.

There are several disadvantages to the solution proposed by the Estes Patent. First, the

Estes Patent uses the electrical energy to directly recharge a main energy/power source—the rechargeable battery—such as a lithium-ion battery—which can only be accomplished through carefully controlling a complex electrochemical process. Thus, the Estes Patent requires that the main power source be a rechargeable battery and further requires complex battery charging, conditioning and maintenance system circuitry, which must be built into the system. Second, using the electrical energy to recharge the main power source can be inefficient in situations where the system is in use and the main power source must continue to provide energy/power to the load. Accordingly, recharging of the battery would likely occur optimally at a time when the system is not in use and is not taxing or drawing charge from the battery; however, at such time the electrical device(s) in the system is not likely to generate much heat. Therefore, the Estes Patent does not make optimal use of the heat generated by the system when it is active. Finally, rechargeable batteries lose their charging/storage efficiency over time as they are repeatedly charged-discharged and/or continually used. Accordingly, in the solution proposed by the Estes Patent, the efficiency and longevity of the life of the main power source—the rechargeable battery—may actually be decreased and system may become less efficient if the system is continually attempting to recharge the battery whenever it is turned on.

Therefore, there exist needs in the art for a system and method that extends the life of a main power source and provides for more efficient power use without requiring significant additional complex circuitry. There further exists a need for such a system to be able to be implemented in situations where the main power source may not be a rechargeable battery. There further exists a need for such a system where heat generated by the system may be efficiently converted into electrical energy at optimal times and stored for future use, thereby improving the efficiency of such a system.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The invention consists of a power generating circuit which is coupled in parallel with a main energy/power source to a load. Instead of recharging the main energy/power source, the power generating circuit will provide power directly to the load, thereby reducing the amount of power drawn from the main energy/power source without requiring complex circuitry. Preferably, the power generating circuit includes a heat source, a cooling element, a thermoelectric generator (TEG) for converting thermal energy into electrical energy, a capacitor, at least one switching element, and a monitor/controller for monitoring the electronic system and controlling operation of the power generator circuit.

Described briefly in words, an electrical load is coupled to a main energy/power source and the object of the invention is to extend the life of this main energy/power source and reduce the amount of power drawn from the main energy/power source. Utilizing a second energy/power source whose energy is obtained by converting heat into electrical power (along with a capacitor, several switching elements, and a monitor/controller), energy/power drawn from the main energy/power source is reduced, thereby extending the operational life of the main energy/power source. In order to accomplish this objective, heat (which would be otherwise wasted) is converted into electrical energy or power by using a thermoelectric generator (TEG) and this electrical energy or power is then stored in a capacitor. The converted and stored energy or power is then used to supply power directly to an electrical load, thereby reducing power drawn from the main energy/power source. In a preferred embodiment, the heat can be produced by the main energy/power source, the electrical load itself, or any other internal or external (to the circuit or system in which the present invention is utilized) element that can produce heat.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 illustrates a conventional drive system for providing power to drive a load;

FIGS. 2 a-b each illustrate block diagrams which demonstrate the power saving process embodied in the present invention;

FIG. 3 illustrates an entire drive system which includes a power saving circuit for providing power to an electronic system or device which extends the life of a main energy/power source, in accordance with a preferred-embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 4 illustrates an alternate embodiment of the power saving circuit illustrated in FIG. 3 in which there are double charging stages;

FIG. 5 illustrates an alternative embodiment of an entire drive system which includes an alternative power saving circuit for providing power to an electronic system or device which extends the life of a main energy/power source, in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 6 illustrates an alternate embodiment of the power saving circuit illustrated in FIG. 3 in which there are parallel charging stages; and

FIG. 7 illustrates yet another alternative embodiment of an entire drive system which includes an alternative power saving circuit for providing power to an electronic system or device which extends the life of a main energy/power source, in accordance with the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

The present invention improves power efficiency and can extend the operating life of a main energy/power source, such as a disposable battery, a rechargeable battery, a fuel cell, a power generator, a reactor, and/or any combination of these, i.e., hybrid power source(s), used to provide power to an electrical system or application. The main energy/power source can be either internal or external to the electrical system and may also be any form of power supply, such as power from an electrical outlet connected to a power grid.

In a preferred embodiment of the present invention the power efficiency of electrical systems is improved by reducing the power drawn from the main energy/power source as described in the following sections. It is also possible to supply extra power to an electrical load(s) with the embodiments of the claimed subject matter described herein.

Furthermore, it is possible to increase the operational life (“battery life”) and the power efficiency of electrical systems by combining techniques/methods known in the art with the embodiments described herein. Examples known in the art include powering down the unutilized portion of an electrical system, reducing the power consumption of system portions(s) under lenient conditions, and/or reducing the clock frequency of a digital circuitry when high processing performance is not required.

FIGS. 2 a-b each illustrate block diagrams which demonstrate the power saving process embodied in the present invention. As shown in both figures, an electrical load 210 is coupled to a main energy/power source 200 via converter 205, and the object of the invention is to extend the life of this main energy/power source 200 by reducing the amount of power/energy drawn from the main energy/power source 200. In order to accomplish this objective, heat 211 (which would be otherwise wasted) is converted into an electrical charge by using a heat to electricity converter (which includes a thermoelectric generator (TEG), a cooling element, and several interface elements). The electrical charge is then stored in a capacitor 202. The converted and stored charge is then used to supply energy/power to the electrical load 210, thereby reducing power drawn from the main energy/power source 200. In a preferred embodiment, the heat 211 can be produced by the main power source 200, the electrical load itself 210, or any other internal or external (to the circuit or system in which the present invention is utilized) element that can produce heat.

Because energy is the time integral of power, a considerably large energy can be developed and stored on the capacitor 202 if enough time is allowed to lapse and the capacitor 202 has high energy storage capability. The capacitor 202 can be any of those currently known and available, such as a supercapacitor or supercap. For the capacitor 202, it is understood that any various combinations of parallel and/or series electrical connections are possible using a plurality of capacitors.

When the power/current from the capacitor 202 is supplied to the electrical load 210, the power/current originated and drawn from the main energy/power source 200 is reduced, thereby extending the life of the main energy/power source 200 and reducing the amount of charge or power drawn from the main energy/power 200 source over time.

Referring to FIG. 2 a, when the main energy/power source 200 and the converter 205 are first activated, they work together in order to deliver current or power to the electrical load 210 at time t1 (set arbitrary to 0 as a starting point). At this point in time, the current flowing into the electrical load 210 is i1 (with switching element 204, 209 set to conduct a current.) and the current from converter 207, i2 is zero or approximately zero (i.e., no power saving) because not enough energy/charge has not been accumulated in the capacitor 202. In this particular embodiment, monitor/controller 206 monitors the parameter(s)/state(s) of the main energy/power source 200, heat to electricity converter 201, and capacitor 202. The monitor/controller 206 controls the switching elements 203,204, 208, 209 and converters 205, 207 based on the parameter(s) or state(s) measured or estimated and by generating and sending out control signals at appropriate times.

Referring now to FIG. 2 b, as time progresses the heat to electricity converter 201 starts to generate a potential difference, which is converted to an electrical charge stored on the capacitor 202. When a predetermined high voltage (or charge) is developed on the capacitor 202 at time t2, the monitor/controller 206 turns on the switching element 203, 208 and the converter 207 (in an appropriate order) so that current i2 with non-zero value flows to the electrical load 210. As current i2 flows to the electrical load, the current drawn from the main power source decreases to i1-i2 times the proportionality factor determined by the conversion ratio of the converter 205, which is indicated as k1 in FIG. 2 b. As the charge in the capacitor 202 depletes and the voltage (or charge) at the capacitor 202 drops below a predetermined low threshold, the monitor/controller 206 then shuts off the switching element 203, 208 and/or the converter 207 and the process of charging-discharging repeats.

FIG. 3 illustrates a system and circuit for providing power to an electronic system or device which extends the life of a main energy/power supply, in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention, thereby allowing the main energy/power supply to provide power to an electronic system or device (hereinafter referred to as “the load”) for an extended period of time. As shown in FIG. 3, the main system and circuit consists of a main energy/power source 309 (such as a disposable or rechargeable battery, a fuel cell, a hybrid cell, a solar cell, etc.) for driving a load 312, which may be any known electronic device or system (such a microprocessor, memory, a laptop computer, a graphics display or an electric motor).

The main system and circuit further includes a regulator/converter 308,.and current control elements 310 and 316. Here it is noted that the element 308 may be a regulator and/or a converter, and each may be used interchangeably as they are equivalent in the context of this document. A regulator maintains its output constant within a specified range regardless of changes to its output loading condition, shifts in environment condition (such as temperature, humidity, etc.), and/or variations at its input.

Current control elements 310 and 316 are used to control the amount of current provided to the load 312. Examples of elements that can be used as a current control element are a diode, field-effect transistors (MOS FET, JFET, etc.), a bipolar transistor, an insulated gate bipolar transistor, a silicon controlled rectifier, and/or a relay switch. One of more of these elements can be connected in series and/or parallel to act as a current control element and placed in any electrical path(s) within a system.

As shown in FIG. 3, the system and circuit further includes a power generating circuit 317 having a power generating means 306 consisting of a heat source 300, a thermoelectric generator (TEG) 302, a cooler 304, a heat source to TEG interface element 301, and a TEG to cooler interface element 303. The heat source 300 can be the main energy/power source 309, or heat generated by the electrical load 312 itself, or any other elements that produce heat. Preferably, thermoelectric generator (TEG) 302 is an element that produces a potential difference (voltage) when a temperature difference exists between its “hot” and “cold” sides of the element. Presently, the majority of thermoelectric generators used for room temperature range utilize Bi—Te compounds semiconductor materials. The embodiments described herein do not preclude the use of TEG element(s) based on other materials or implementations that may emerge in a future time frame as improved, more efficient TEG materials develop. It is understood that although FIG. 3 illustrates only a single TEG element, multiple thermoelectric generators (TEG) 302 elements may be electrically connected in series or/and parallel to achieve desired voltage, current, source impedance, and/or other characteristics. Furthermore, intermediate stages such as switching element(s) can be inserted between the TEGs and controlled by a controller. Note that a heat source can be thermally connected (coupled) to the cold side of a TEG and a cooler can be thermally connected (coupled) to the hot side of a TEG. In that case, a voltage with reversed polarity will be produced but those in the skilled art should be able to utilize the voltage appropriately.

In a preferred embodiment, cooler 304 is an element that releases heat from the cold side of the TEG so that the temperature on the cold side of the TEG is kept within a prescribed range. There are numerous ways known in the art to implement a cooler, for examples, heat sink (electrically passive or/and active with convection or/and thermoelectric cooler (TEC)), radiator (heat exchanger), liquid coolant (including water produced as a byproduct of a fuel cell), phase changing material, heat pipe, vapor chamber, human body, or/and atmosphere of a planet or a moon. The main purpose of utilizing heat source to TEG interface element 301 and TEG to cooler interface element 303 is two fold: 1) to facilitate the efficient transfer of heat and 2) to establish mechanical support and interface for the elements they are interfacing to/from. The heat source to TEG interface element 301 and the TEG to cooler interface element 303 may be made of metals, ceramics, or/and graphite and are thermally connected to the elements they are interfacing to/from. Thermal grease-based materials and/or phase changing films can be applied to these elements if deemed desirable. The heat source to TEG interface element 301 and the TEG to cooler interface element 303 may be omitted if deemed unnecessary. Note that it is possible to combine the functions of the TEG to cooler interface element 303 and the cooler 304, for example by utilizing flexible graphite material to efficiently conduct and dissipate heat

Referring still to FIG. 3, the power generating circuit 317 further includes a capacitor 305 coupled to the TEG 302. As the heat source 300 produces increased heat, the temperature difference between the cold side of the TEG and the heated side of the TEG increases, causing the TEG to produce electrical potential, which then charges the capacitor 305. It should be noted that in the context of this document, charge storage and energy storage are used interchangeably. If necessary, a plurality of capacitors 305 can be electrically connected in series or/and in parallel to achieve the desired electrical and/or mechanical characteristics. Voltage balancing circuit(s) (either passive or active) can be used to ensure the voltage applied to each capacitor is maintained within a desired range. Furthermore, although not shown in FIG. 3, current/voltage limiter(s) may be inserted between the thermoelectric generators (TEG) 302 and the capacitor 305, if necessary, in order to control the amount of charge or energy being transferred to and stored on the capacitor 305.

Referring still to FIG. 3, the power generating circuit 317 further includes a converter 315 coupled between load 312 and capacitor 305. Preferably, converter 315 is coupled to load 312 via current control element 311 and coupled to capacitor 305 via current control element 314. Current control elements 314 and 311 control the amount of current drawn from capacitor 305 into converter 315 and then provided from converter 315 to load 312. Converter 315 is an element that takes an input parameter, such as voltage and produces a prescribed parameter(s) such as voltage at the output. In the case where the desired conversion is from a low input voltage to a higher output voltage, a step up (boost) voltage converter can be used. In the case where the desired conversion is from a high input voltage to a lower output voltage, a step down (buck) voltage converter can be used. Alternatively, an inverter can be used if DC to AC conversion is desired. Various implementations of converters (or regulators) are known in the art and the invention is not intended to be limited to any one particular implementation.

Referring still to FIG. 3 the power generating circuit 317 also includes a monitor/controller 307 coupled to capacitor 305 for monitoring properties of the capacitor 305 such as the voltage, current, or/and temperature of capacitor 305. The monitor/controller 307 may also be used to monitor parameters, such as voltage or/and temperature of the main energy/power source 309 and/or the amount of current or power provided to the load from the main energy/power source 309. In cases where the main energy/power source 309 is a fuel cell, the monitor/controller 307 may also be connected directly to the fuel cell in order to control the amount or rate of fuel supplied to the fuel cell.

As is shown in FIG. 3, the monitor/controller 307 is coupled to current control elements 310, 316 and current control elements 314, 311. The current control elements 310, 311, 314, and 316 are essentially switching elements which control the flow of current/power to the load based on control signal(s) received from the monitor/controller 307. The current control elements 310 311, 314, and 316 can be implemented with various types of electrical devices such as a field-effect transistor (FET), a bipolar transistor (BJT), an insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT), a silicon controlled rectifier (SCR) or/and electromechanical devices. In operation, controller 307 is configured to monitor and control operations of these current control elements in order to achieve the objectives of the invention. Higher number of current control elements can be utilized if desired.

Referring to FIG. 3, as the voltage across the capacitor 305 reaches a predetermined voltage “high” level (or a predetermined charge high level), the monitor/controller 307 enables the current control elements 311, 314 (in an appropriate order) and a current starts to flow into the electrical load 312 (also assuming the predetermined voltage level is higher or equal to the minimum operating voltage of the converter 315) and the current drawn from regulator 308 is now reduced by the amount of current equal or substantially equal to the current from the converter 315 output since the regulator 308 and the converter 315 outputs are connected in parallel and their output voltages are kept within a prescribed range. Therefore, the current drawn from the energy/power source 309 is reduced approximately (assuming high efficiency and/or low implementation loss) by the amount of current provided from the converter 315 times the conversion factor, Vout/Vin of the regulator 308. The power saving process continues until the charge (or voltage) in the capacitor 305 drops below a predetermined low threshold level. It should be noted that the energy stored in the capacitor 305 can be used to “boost” the operation of the electrical load 312 by providing more available power to the load. Either one, or both, of the current control elements 311 and 314 can be set to shut off current when the charging process initially starts or during a recharging process.

In order to achieve effective power reduction on the main energy/power source 309, the proper current sharing between the converter 315 and regulator 308 is required and their output voltages must be properly set and controlled. A small difference in voltages may make one of them completely “take over” the current supplying process. For example, if the output voltage of the regulator 308 is 5% higher than the output voltage of the converter 315, the regulator 308 is likely to supply the majority of the current to the electrical load 312 even though the capacitor 305 may have been accumulated a large amount of energy over time.

There are many ways known in the art to implement good current sharing. One implementation utilizes a series resistive element (such as a resistor or a FET) as a sensor element in each converter output current path to sense current, a high gain amplifier such as an operational amplifier, and an integrator to produce an error control signal, which is input to the control port of the converter 315 and controls the voltage of the converter 315 so that the output should follow the regulator 308 output within a specified range. The error is used to adjust the output of the converter 315 until the current in each path (or the voltage across the sense resistive element) is within a predetermined range. Therefore, by using this technique, the voltage from the regulator 315 output can be adjusted to follow the voltage from the regulator 308 output within a desired range once each path starts to conduct current. The current control elements 310 and 311 themselves can be used as the series resistive sensor elements to sense (detect) currents/voltages.

Those in the skilled art can select a desired ratio of current sharing between the converter 315 and the regulator 308 to suit to the ones' particular applications. For instance, the output voltage of the converter 315 may be deliberately set at slightly higher voltage than the output voltage of the regulator 308 so that the converter 315 can supply majority of the current into the electrical load 312 once sufficient energy has been stored in the capacitor 305. With that being the case, high reduction in power on the main energy/power source 309 is achievable until the charge stored in the capacitor 305 drops below a predetermined low threshold level. Under a heavy electrical loading condition, however, the current on the electrical load 312 may require a current which exceeds the maximum current supply capability of the converter 315 and/or that of the capacitor 305. With this being the case, the output voltage of the converter 315 may drop and become lower than the output voltage of the regulator 308 (due to the limiting action of the converter 315) and the current control/switching element 311 (such as a diode) cuts off the electrical path to the electrical load 312, forcing the regulator 308 to supply again the entire current to the electrical load 312. More specifically, as more charge is stored on capacitor 305, more power and current can be provided from the capacitor 305 to load 312 via converter 315 and current control elements 311 and 314. Monitor/controller 307 measures this power/current as it increases and is then able to control the current/power provided by main energy/power source 309 to the load 312 via current control elements 310 and 316. Accordingly, as the power/current provided from capacitor 305 increases, the amount of power/current which must be drawn from the main energy/power source 309 and provided to load 312 decreases, using less of the energy from the main energy/power source 309 over time and extending the life of the main energy/power source. Additionally, the energy stored in the capacitor 305 may be used to supply current or power to the load 312 as a backup or uninterrupted power source when the main energy/power source 309 fails to operate properly or is temporarily removed/disconnected from the system (e.g., replacing the battery of a laptop computer without disrupting the operation of the system).

If the main energy/power source 309 is a disposable battery or a hybrid cell, a battery life extension results by reducing the power drawn from the main energy/power source 309 attributed to the power saving process as described herein. Suppose that the main energy/power source 309 is a battery with 1000 mAh capacity and the load 312 draws average current of 500 mA at 5V. If the converter 315 can supply 56 mA of average current (at 5V) to the load 312, then 5V times 0.0056 A=0.28 W of power out of 2.5 W (=5V times 0.5 A) is supplied by the converter 315 until the voltage (or charge) drops below a predetermined low threshold. Assuming 90% efficiency of the regulator 308, that corresponds to 0.28 W/0.9=0.31 W of power delivered by the main energy/power source 309. Without the current (or power) from the converter 315, the battery life is 1000 mAh/500 mA=2 hours. However, if it takes, for example 35 minutes to first charge the capacitor 305 to a predetermined high level and 5 minutes to deplete the charge to a predetermined low level and then 15 minutes to recharge to the predetermined high level thereafter, the average current drawn from the battery becomes approximately 488.3 mA and the battery life becomes 1000 mAh/488.3 mA=2.05 hours. To reduce the long initial charging time on an uncharged capacitor, the main energy/power source 309 (with the appropriate current control elements and monitoring schemes) may be used to rapidly charge the capacitor 305. Charging from the main energy/power source 309 may be useful for maintaining a certain amount of charge (energy) in the capacitor 305 when heat is not available (such as during power down).

In a preferred embodiment, monitor/controller 307 can be purely implemented in hardware (for example, by using a comparator with hysteresis, a reference voltage generator, and a switch element driver) or in a combination of hardware and software (for example, using a CPU, an ADC, switch element driver(s), and memory with embedded software). Indeed, the monitor 307 can include and utilize analog to digital converters (ADCs), digital to analog converters (DACs), negative voltage generator(s), or/and level shift circuitries with switch element drivers and they can be all integrated into a single integrated circuit (IC). A clock signal for the monitor/controller 307 can be generated by a low power oscillator whose power is supplied by either the main energy/power source 309 or the capacitor 305. The monitor/controller 307 can be powered up by the main energy/power source 309, the capacitor 305, or an external source.

If the monitor/controller 307 is implemented in software, portions of the control software may comprise an ordered listing of executable instructions for implementing logical functions, and can be embodied in any computer-readable medium for use by or in connection with an instruction execution system, apparatus, or device, such as a computer-based system, processor-containing system, or other system that can fetch the instructions from the instruction execution system, apparatus, or device and execute the instructions.

FIG. 4 shows an alternate embodiment of a power saving circuit for the present invention in which there are double charging stages. This particular configuration has two capacitors 405 and 405′, two converters 406 and 406′, a monitor/controller 407 and two switching elements 411 and 411′. As with the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 3, switching elements 411 and 411′ are controlled by the monitor/controller 407 so that they are set to conduct currents as well as to shut off currents at appropriate times. The monitor/controller 407 monitors various parameters of the capacitors 405 and 405′, such as voltage, current, temperature, etc. In the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 4, the capacitor 405′ can be a main charge reservoir and the switching elements 411 and 411′ can isolate the charge reservoir from the rest of the system/circuit when the load is turned off (or the main system is powered down) so as to prevent depletion of the charge stored on capacitor 405′ due to leakage during power shut off. The capacitances of the capacitors 405, 405′ as well as other factors must be carefully considered and analyzed to not incur instability of the converters 406, 406′. Also, there exist ways to charge capacitors and produce a voltage higher than the voltage from which they operate. One example is the use of a charge-pump (or sometimes called as voltage multiplier) utilizing a plurality of capacitors, switching elements, and clock signal(s). These charging or voltage generating techniques can be used if deemed desirable. A clock signal for the charge-pump can be generated by a low power oscillator whose power is supplied by either the main energy/power source 309 or the capacitor 305.

Referring still to FIG. 4, in a first state, switch 411 is initially open, allowing charge to build up quickly on capacitor 405. When that charge reaches a certain high or fully charged level, switch 411 is closed and the charge is transferred to capacitor 405′. Once the charge has been fully switched over to capacitor 405′, switch 411 may open. In this state, charge builds up on capacitor 405, while the charge which was transferred to capacitor 405′ may then be supplied to the load. Again, once the charge on storage element 405 reaches a certain high or fully charged level and once charge at capacitor 405′ has been fully exhausted or drops below a certain threshold level, the charge from capacitor 405 is then switched to capacitor 405′ and the process repeats itself. In this way, the system can build-up charge/energy while at the same time providing charge/energy, thereby making the system more efficient. As in the previous embodiment, a main energy source can be used to charge capacitor 405 or/and capacitor 405′ if desired.

FIG. 5 shows an alternate embodiment of a system of the present invention having a slightly simpler structure. As in the previous embodiment described with reference to FIG. 3, it has power generation means 565, capacitor 555, converter 556, monitor/controller 557, main power/energy source 559, current control element 561, and electrical load 562. Unlike the embodiment shown with reference to FIG. 3, the alternative embodiment shown in FIG. 5 further includes a sensor 563, which senses the difference between the voltages from the main power/energy source 559 and the converter 556 output and produces an error control signal that is used to adjust the output voltage of the converter 556 so that the output voltage can follow the voltage from the main energy source 559 within an acceptable range. As mentioned previously, one can utilize implementations known in the art in order to achieve this feedback/control. One such example is placing a series resistive element (such as a resistor or a FET) as a sensor or sensing element in each output current path to sense current, a high gain amplifier such as an OP amp and an integrator to integrate the difference voltage and produce an error signal to controls the feedback voltage of the converter 556. The feedback voltage is varied by the error control signal until the current in each path (or the voltage across the sense resistive element) is within a predetermined range.

Preferably, the sensor 563 is designed so that it controls the output of converter 556 to supply the proper voltage at the electrical load 562. This is important especially if the current control element 561 introduces a non-constant voltage drop. Therefore, instead of monitoring the voltage at the converter 556 output, monitoring the voltage at the output of the current control element 561 (or at the electrical load 562) is perhaps a better way. If this is done, then a resistive sensing element is preferably inserted between the current control element 561 and the electrical load 562. Alternatively, the current control element 561 can be used as a sensing resistive element for the sensor 563.

It should be noted that the sensor 563 is needed assuming an unregulated, varying voltage from the main energy/power source 559. The sensor 563 can be driven and/or powered by the main energy/power source 559, the capacitor 555, the converter 556, or from any other external source. The functionality of the sensor 563 can be integrated into the monitor/controller 557 as in the form of a module consisting of discrete components or/and various integrated circuits. It is also possible that the sensor 563 can be interfaced with and controlled by the monitor/controller 557.

As in the previous embodiment described with reference to FIG. 3, the monitor/controller 557 in FIG. 5 monitors various parameters in the system such as the voltage, current, or/and temperature of an element and for this embodiment, the monitor 557 monitors the voltage at the capacitor 555 and controls the current control element 561 with current control signal(s). It is also possible to configure the monitor/controller 557 such that it controls the operation, properties, or/and the state of the converter 556, the heat source 550, or any other element shown in FIG. 5. Furthermore, it is also possible to implement the monitor/controller 557 to monitor and control a plural of the element(s) shown in FIG. 5 (not necessarily simultaneously) and also interface with the sensor 563 and/or external element(s). The monitor/controller 557 can be purely implemented in hardware (for example, by using a comparator with hysteresis, a reference voltage generator, and a switch element driver) or in a combination of hardware and software (for example, using a CPU, an ADC, switch element driver, and memory with embedded software). Indeed, the monitor/controller 557 can include and utilize analog to digital converters (ADCs), digital to analog converters ([DACs), negative voltage generator(s), or/and level shift circuitries with switch element drivers, clock generator(s), and they can be all integrated into a single integrated circuit (IC).

The power generating means 565 preferably consists of heat source 550, a thermoelectric generator (TEG) 552, a cooler 554, a heat source to TEG interface element 551, and TEG to cooler interface element 553. Again, the heat source 550 can be the main power source 559, the electrical load 562, or/and any other elements internal or external to the system and circuit that produce or possess heat.

As the main power/energy source 559 is electrically connected to the electrical load 562, heat is generated, for instance from the main power source 559 and/or the electrical load 562 and either one or both of them can be used as the heat source 550. As heat is produced and the cooler 554 removes the heat from the cold side of the TEG 552 or/and TEG to cooler interface element 553, a temperature difference is produced between the cold and the hot sides of the TEG 552 and in turn it produces a potential difference (i.e., voltage) that charges the capacitor 555. Charge (or energy) is built up in the capacitor 555 in order to provide current and/or power to the electrical load 562, which up until such time remains driven by the main power/energy source 559 without power saving.

Once a predetermined amount of charge is built up on the capacitor 555, the converter 556 starts to produce an output voltage which is approximately equal to the output voltage of the main power/energy source 559 and if the monitor/controller 557 determines that the charge stored in the capacitor 555 has reached a predetermined high value, it enables the current control element 561 and the current flows to the electrical load 562, thereby reducing the current (and hence the corresponding power) drawn from the main power/energy source 559.

As the current flows from the converter 556 to the electrical load 562, the sensor 563 improves the accuracy of tracking and the proper current sharing is maintained. For even a simpler embodiment, the monitor/controller 557 can be omitted and a diode can be used as the current control element 561. The sensor 563 must take into account the voltage drop associated with the diode for that case.

As in the previous embodiment, there could be intermediate stages between the power generation means 565 and the capacitor 555 for efficient charging of the capacitor. By way of example, such intermediate stages may include any one or combination of circuits such as charge-pump or voltage multipliers. Also, charging of multiple storage elements with multiple heat sources or power generating means is possible.

In cases where the electrical load 562 is an inverter (DC to AC converter), which subsequently can drives AC loads such as an AC motor, a home appliance, and etc. it is possible to achieve highly efficient power utilization. For example, for an electric car whose main energy supply is the main power/energy source 559 (such as fuel cell), heat generated from main power/energy source 559 or/and regenerated energy during braking can charge capacitor 555. The energy collected then can be used to assist the main power/energy source 559 in delivering power to the electrical load 562 and its subsequent loads such as AC motor(s). Again, it is possible to boost the power of the electrical loads if desired. As another example, an AC generator to supply power to AC equipment (television, heater, lamps, etc.) in outdoor environments or places where AC outlet is not available can be powered up by the main/power energy source 559 (fuel cell etc.). The heat generated by the energy source 559 or any other heat source can be transformed to electrical energy which is then collected and stored in the capacitor 555. The stored energy can be used to assist the energy source 559 in delivering power to the electrical load 562 and its subsequent loads such as lamps.

FIG. 6 shows an alternate embodiment of a power saving circuit for the present invention in which there are parallel charging stages which are used in an alternating fashion in order to increase the life and efficiency of a main power/energy source. This particular configuration has two capacitors 602 and 603, a single converter 605, a monitor/controller 607, a switching element 606 and two main switching elements 601, 604 (each having at least two individual switches that can be independently controlled by the monitor/controller 607). As with the embodiments illustrated in FIGS. 3 and 4, switching elements 601, 604, 606 are controlled by the monitor/controller 607 so that they are set to conduct currents as well as to shut off currents at appropriate times. The monitor/controller 607 monitors various parameters of the capacitors 602 and 603, such as voltage, current, temperature, etc. It is understood that the capacitors 602 and 603 can each consist of a plurality of capacitors electrically connected in series and/or parallel.

Referring still to FIG. 6, in a first or initial state switching element 601 is configured such that one switch is configured to allow charge to build up quickly on capacitor 602 while the other switch remains open. In this initial state, the first switch in switching element 604 is open, while the second switch may be closed. When the charge on capacitor 602 reaches a certain high or fully charged level, the first switch in switching element 601 is then opened and the second switch in switching element 601 is then closed. Additionally, the first switch in switching element 604 is then closed, while the second switch in switching element 604 is then open. In this state, charge builds up on capacitor 603, while the charge which was built up on capacitor 602 may then be supplied to the load. Again, once the charge on capacitor 603 reaches a certain high or fully charged level and once charge at capacitor 602 has been fully exhausted or drops below a certain low level, the individual switches in switching elements 601 and 604 are then alternated, closing the first switch and opening the second switch in switching element 601, while opening the first switch and closing the second switch in switching element 604. In this state, the charge build up on capacitor 603 is then applied to the load while capacitor 602 is recharged (assuming switching element 606 is set to conduct current). In this way, the system can build-up charge/energy while at the same time providing charge/energy, thereby making the system more efficient. It is understood that switching element 601 can be connected to multiple TEGs each having own heat source and cooler and the monitor/controller 607 selects/enables appropriate electrical path(s) to charge capacitor(s). In a system, heat generated by its constituents may differ and may also be time dependent. The monitor/controller 607 can monitor the state of the capacitors and the temperature of the constituents and charge/discharge the capacitors in an optimal way.

Finally, referring to FIG. 7, there is illustrated yet another alternative embodiment of an entire drive system which includes an alternative power saving circuit for providing power to an electronic system or device which extends the life of a main energy/power source, in accordance with the present invention. As shown, the circuit includes a common heat source 701 which is coupled to two different TEGs, which convert the heat generated by the source 701 into power. As with the previous described embodiments, the heat source can be any known heat source—such as heat generated by the load itself. Using the heat generated by the heat source 701, each of the two TEGs produce a potential difference (voltage).

As further shown in FIG. 7, each of these TEGs is coupled to a separate capacitor 703 a and 703 b, which are arranged in parallel relative to the load to which the circuit is coupled. As each TEG converts the heat from the heat source into an electrical potential, this potential charges the respective capacitor to which that TEG is coupled.

Referring still to FIG. 7, each of the capacitors 703 a and 703 b is in turn coupled to a converter 704 via switching elements 705 a, 705 b. The power converter 704 is designed to generate a predetermined and regulated power (voltage and current) output level. It is understood that the switching elements 705 a, 705 b may be separate or integrated into a single switch, just so long as they are each capable of operating separately. Each of the individual switching elements is coupled to a monitor/controller 708 that controls operations of the individual switching elements. The converter 704 is coupled to the load via a current control element 706.

In operation, the monitor/controller 708 monitors the current through current control element 706 and the voltage at capacitors 703 a and 703 b. As the load draws more current from either one of the capacitors 703 a and 703 b, the voltage on said capacitor will drop and the current which passes through control element 706 will also begin to drop. Once the current drawn by the load (passing through current control element 706) and/or the voltage at the relative capacitor from which it is provided, falls below an acceptable and/or predetermined level then the monitor/controller 708 will switch between 705 a and 705 b. Accordingly, for example, in an initial state the circuit may be configured to have switching element 705 a closed and 705 b open. In this configuration, both capacitors 703 a and 703 b are charged but only voltage from capacitor 703 a is used to drive the load. The monitor/controller 708 continues to monitor the voltage at this capacitor 703 a and the current through current control element 706—i.e. the current drawn by the load. As the voltage on capacitor 703 a drops, the current drawn by the load through current control element 706 will also drop. Once the voltage on capacitor 703 a or the current drawn to the load (passing through element 706) drops below a certain and predetermined level, the monitor/controller 708 will then switch between 705 a and 705 b, opening 705 a and closing 705 b. Once this is done, voltage from capacitor 703 b will be used to drive the load. The monitor/controller 708 then monitors the voltage at capacitor 703 b and the current through current control element 706—i.e. the current drawn by the load. As the voltage on capacitor 703 b drops, the current drawn by the load through current control element 706 will also drop. Once the voltage on capacitor 703 b or the current drawn to the load (passing through element 706) drops below a certain and predetermined level, the monitor/controller 708 will then switch back between 705 a and 705 b, closing 705 a and opening 705 b.

One advantage of the circuit described in FIG. 7 is that capacitors 703 a and 703 b will continue to store charge, as needed, at all times the circuit is in operation. The switching elements 705 a and 705 b are selectively and alternatively activated in order to drive the load, with their switching being activated by a monitor/controller 708 which monitors the voltage on capacitors 703 a and 703 b, as well as the current drawn to the load (i.e. the current passing through element 706).

While the description above contains many specifics, these should not be construed as limitations on the scope of the invention, but rather as exemplifications of particular embodiments thereof One of ordinary skill in the art may make many changes, modifications, and substitutions without necessarily departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, the scope of the invention should be determined not by the embodiments described above, but by the appended claims and their legal equivalents. 

1-11. (canceled)
 12. An energy boost circuit adapted to provide a power to a load, the circuit comprising: a pair of thermoelectric generators (TEGs), each TEG coupled to a heat source and each adapted to convert thermal energy from the heat source into electrical energy; a first capacitor bank and a second capacitor bank arranged in parallel, each capacitor bank coupled to one of the TEGs and adapted to store electrical energy generated by the TEG to which the capacitor bank is coupled; a first switching element coupled to the first capacitor bank; a second switching element coupled to the second capacitor bank; a power converter connected to the first and second capacitor banks; and a monitor/controller coupled to the first and second switching elements and adapted to selectively switch the first and second switching elements in order to provide a power boost to the load, wherein the monitor/controller automatically switches the first and second switching elements based at least partly on charge levels measured at the first and second capacitor banks.
 13. The energy boost circuit of claim 12 further comprising a main power source coupled to the load in order to provide power to the load.
 14. The energy boost circuit of claim 13 further comprising a third switching element coupled between the power converter and the load, wherein the monitor/controller is further coupled to the third switching element and is further adapted to switch the third switching element.
 15. The energy boost circuit of claim 13 further comprising a regulator coupled between the main power source and the load.
 16. The energy boost circuit of claim 13, wherein the main power source comprises one of a battery, a fuel cell, and a solar cell.
 17. The energy boost circuit of claim 13, wherein the main power source acts as the heat source.
 18. The energy boost circuit of claim 12, wherein the load acts as the heat source.
 19. A boost circuit adapted to provide power to a load, the boost circuit comprising: an energy converting circuit having a pair of thermoelectric generators (TEGs), each coupled to a heat source and each adapted to convert thermal energy from the heat source into electrical energy; a first capacitor bank and a second capacitor bank arranged in parallel, each of the first and second capacitor banks coupled to one of the TEGs, each of the first and second capacitor banks adapted to store the electrical energy generated by the TEG to which the capacitor bank is coupled; a first power converter coupled to the first capacitor bank; a first switching element coupled between the first power converter and the load; a second power converter coupled to the second capacitor bank; a second switching element coupled between the second power converter and the load; and a monitor/controller coupled to the first and second switching elements adapted to selectively switch the first and second switching elements in order to provide a power boost to the load; and wherein the monitor/controller switches the first and second switching elements based at least partly on charge levels measured at the first and second capacitor banks.
 20. The boost circuit of claim 19 further comprising: a third switching element coupled between the first power converter and the first capacitor bank; and a fourth switching element coupled between the second power converter and the second capacitor bank, wherein the monitor/controller is further adapted to selectively switch the third and fourth switching elements in order to provide power from each of the capacitor banks to each of the power converters and the monitor/controller switches among the third and fourth switching elements based at least partly on charge levels measured at the first and second capacitor banks.
 21. The boost circuit of claim 19 further comprising a main power source coupled to the load and capable of providing power to the load.
 22. The boost circuit of claim 21, wherein the main power source comprises one of a battery, a fuel cell, and a solar cell.
 23. The boost circuit of claim 21, wherein the main power source acts as the heat source.
 24. The boost circuit of claim 21 further comprising a regulator coupled between the main power source and the load.
 25. The boost circuit of claim 19, wherein the load acts as the heat source.
 26. A method adapted to efficiently provide a power boost to a load, the method comprising: providing a pair of thermoelectric generators (TEGs), each TEG coupled to a heat source and each adapted to convert thermal energy from the heat source into electrical energy; providing a first capacitor bank and a second capacitor bank connected in parallel, each capacitor bank coupled to one of the TEGs; storing the electrical energy generated by each of the TEGs using the capacitor bank to which the TEG is coupled; providing a first switching element coupled between the first capacitor bank and the load; providing a second switching element coupled between the second capacitor bank and the load; providing at least one power converter between the first and second switching elements and the load; and switching the first and second switching elements in order to provide a power boost to the load, the switching being performed at least partly based on charge levels measured at the first and second capacitor banks.
 27. The method of claim 26 further comprising: providing a third switching element coupled between the power converter and the load; and switching the third switching element in order to provide a power boost to the load.
 28. The method of claim 26 further comprising providing a regulator coupled between a main power source and the load.
 29. The method of claim 28, wherein the main power source comprises one of a battery, a fuel cell, and a solar cell.
 30. The method of claim 29, wherein the main power source acts as the heat source.
 31. The method of claim 26, wherein the load acts as the heat source. 